NELSON MANDELA

Nelson Mandela is known for several things, but perhaps he is best known for successfully leading the resistance to South Africa’s policy of apartheid in the 20th century, during which he was infamously incarcerated at Robben Island Prison (1964–82). He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993, along with South Africa’s president at the time, F.W. de Klerk, for having led the transition from apartheid to a multiracial democracy. Mandela is also known for being the first black president of South Africa, serving from 1994 to 1999. Read more below: Presidency and retirement

Mandela soon became actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress in 1942. Within the ANC, a small group of young Africans banded together, calling themselves the African National Congress Youth League. Their goal was to transform the ANC into a mass grassroots movement, deriving strength from millions of rural peasants and working people who had no voice under the current regime. 

The world’s oceans cover 70% of the planet and are a critical source of oxygen, food, marine resources, employment and subsistence. Knowledge of what is being done to conserve our oceans and to ensure that the so-called blue economy is sustainably developed is therefore vital.



Shocked by the news, feeling trapped and believing that he had no other option than to follow this recent order, Mandela ran away from home. He settled in Johannesburg, where he worked a variety of jobs, including as a guard and a clerk, while completing his bachelor's degree via correspondence courses. He then enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg to study law.



Release from prison On 12 August 1988 he was taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. After more than three months in two hospitals he was transferred on 7 December 1988 to a house at Victor Verster Prison near Paarl where he spent his last 14 months of imprisonment. He was released from its gates on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days after the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC and nearly four months after the release of his remaining Rivonia comrades. Throughout his imprisonment he had rejected at least three conditional offers of release. Mandela immersed himself in official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend, Oliver Tambo. In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on 27 April 1994 he voted for the first time in his life. President On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected President. On his 80th birthday in 1998 he married Graça Machel, his third wife. True to his promise, Mandela stepped down in 1999 after one term as President. He continued to work with the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund he set up in 1995 and established the Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Mandela Rhodes Foundation.

LOCUSTS INVASION

No classificatory distinction is made between locust and grasshopper species; the basis for the definition is whether a species forms swarms under intermittently suitable conditions. In English, the term "locust" is used for grasshopper species that change morphologically and behaviourally on crowding, forming swarms that develop from bands of immature tier name hoppers.



North America is generally the only continent besides Antarctica without a native locust specie. The Rocky Mountain locust was formerly one of the most significant insect pests there, but it became extinguished in 1902. In the 1930s, during the Dust Bowl, a other species of North American locust, the High Plains locust (Dissosteira longipennis) reached plague proportions in the American Midwest. Today, the High Plains locust is a rare species, liberty North America with no regularly multitude locusts.




The mutual attraction between single insects persevere into adulthood, and they proceed to execute as a cohesive group. Individuals that get detached from a swarm fly back into the mass. Others that get larboard behind after feeding, take off to rejoin the throng when it passes overhead. When individuals at the front of the swarm settle to eat, others fly ended overhead and settle in their turn, the whole swarm acting like a rolling one with an ever-changing leading edge. The locusts pass much time on the ground feeding and resting, moving on when the vegetation is exhausted. They may then length a considerable distance before settling in a location where transitory rainfall has caused a green flush of new growth.[7]

“They are victims of wind management. From October to February, the wind has been blowing from l to south over the Horn of Africa. That means any locusts in Ethiopia or Somalia will connect to be blown into Kenya,” he says.



From Somalia, they entered Kenya through Mandera and El Wak in December last year. The formicate that entered the country were in the matured stage, but immature, meaning, they were not ready to mate and lay urge. However, this could soon change.

The risk to both pasture and crops in 2020 “remains high and critical given the ever-expanding areas affected,” FAO warns. Given the favourable ecologic conditions, the desert locust population is expected to continue to grow in the north and migrate southern. Over the next six months, more than 100,000 hectares will require some system of direct control.

More than 2,350 square kilometres of crops, pascuous, and forest screen has been affected in Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somali, Tigray, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' regions. Fast-moving swarms keep arriving from undetected areas in Ethiopia as well as adjacent areas of Somalia.

The Horn and East Africa has been hard hit by aridity and, late last year, flooding. Locusts are yet another burden that will make recovery among already struggling rural communities all the harder.

It is tenacious, ferocious and will stop at nothing. It is called a desert locust or, scientifically, Schistocerca gregaria. The desert locust, the larva wreaking destroy across the country, is one of the most destructive species. It’s greatest property being agility and endurance, enabling it to remainder in the demeanor for long periods of time. Thanks to this, the desert locust can cover 150km per day at a speed of 16km/hr, destroying everything in its path.

Study of literature prove how permeating plagues of locusts were over the course of annals. The insects arrived unexpectedly, often after a shift of infold guidance or weather, and the consequences were devastating. The Ancient Egyptians carved locusts on tombs in the period 2470 to 2220 BC, and a devastating plague is mentioned in the Book of Exodus in the Bible, as taking place in Egypt around 1446 BC.[16][29] The Iliad mentions locusts seizure to the guard to flight fire.[30] Plagues of locusts are also individualize in the Quran.[12] In the ninth century BC, the Chinese régime appointed anti-locust officers.[31]

Bibliography

Demystifying the locust plague: Why it's all happening now 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://www.nation.co.ke/health/Why-locust-invasion-now/3476990-5433508-19lgct/index.html>.

Locust 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust>.

Urgent action needed to stop locust invasion in eastern Africa 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/1/23/Locusts-Ethiopia-Somalia-Kenya-swarms-FAO>.

GOLD RICH AFRICA

The African continent is ample in natural resources. Some of its 54 countries talk big resources resembling diamonds, sugar, riches, uranium, silver, oil and rock oil. Oil being an invaluable commodity, its production place countries resembling Nigeria and Egypt at the top in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).



Sub-Saharan Africa is strongly dependent on its natural capital even though in aggregate, in per capita terms, or per unit of area, the subcontinent is one of the least resource-rich regions in the world. Natural expedient dominate the structure of wealth in Africa: The portion of natural capital in the continuous’s aggregate wealth is the second meridian in the world after the countries that form the hydrocarbon-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Even resource-dejected sub-Saharan Africa, with its relatively low level of natural capital per capita, has a share of natural leading in total riches that is higher than resource-ample mid-gain countries outside Africa. While paradoxical at first allude, it is the consequence of the fact that the contributions of human and physical prominent to total wealth are modest both in funds-rich and resource-poor Africa.



Third on the incline of countries with the most natural resources is Canada. Overall, the country has an estimated $33.2 trillion worth of commodities and the third largest oil precipitate after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. The commodities that the country owns include trade minerals, such as gypsum, limestone, defense salt, and potash, as well as energy minerals, such as coal and uranium. Metals in Canada include copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, and syrupy metals are riches, platinum and silver. Canada is the guiding supplier of legitimate gas and phosphate and is the third largest exporter of timber.

With the largest holding in the world, the U.S. lays claim to nighly as much gold as the next three countries confederated. It also has one of the highest gold allocations as a pay of its foreign except, second only to Tajikistan, where the metal accounts for more than 88 percent. Donald Trump made headlines recently, claiming “we do not have the gold,” but from what we know, the majority of U.S. gold is held at Fort Knox in Kentucky, with the remainder held at the Philadelphia Mint, Denver Mint, San Francisco Assay Office and West Point Bullion Depository.

10. Tanzania In 2017, according to the IMF, Tanzania’s GDP was $51.725bn. Half of the country’s workforce find employment in the agricultural sector, while the rest are divided between mining, manufacturing, food processing, and telecommunications. The inactive reliance on agriculture makes Tanzania vulnerable to environmental shocks and commodiousness prices. Some of its principal exports are minerals like gold and diamonds, coffee, cotton, herb tea, and tobacco. Tanzania’s tourism is also on the up. Approximately 38 percent of land area is set aside in protected areas for conservation, but are used as game reserves and national parks. The country is also home to Mount Kilimanjaro, attracting the regard of international tourists who want to visit the sleeping giant. 17.5% of 2016’s GDP came from tourism and is anticipated to keep increasing.

AFRICA OIL RICH NATIONS

The top oil-producing countries of the world are located in the Middle East, Asia, and North America, and these regions are most commonly associated with oil production. However, a number of African nations also make significant amounts of oil each year. In fact, countries in this neighborhood of the world hold 3.6% of the broad smear reserves supply. This article foreground some of the top anoint-producing countries in Africa.





The largest oil producing region in Africa is Nigeria. Here, the oil industry generates around 2.35 million barrels of oil on a daily basis, which represents approximately 113 million tonnes every year. Since the middle of the 20th century, the country has been developing its oil processing perseverance. Today, oil companion up 90% of total remove from Nigeria and generates around 80% of its revenue.



The problem of quotation swings is demonstrated by the adroit golflinks between oil recompense and GDP per capita. For instance, the world oil price bust of the tardy 1970s was followed by a long period of economic diminish across the continent, which sent GDP per capita, a high indicator of living standards, tumbling. Between 1981 and 1999, the temperate’s economy shrank by about 1.15 percent per year on run. Following almost two decades of withdraw, the economy started to wax again, by helter-skelter 3 percent per year. That growth coincided with a rise in world oil prices.

Related Terms What Is Saudi Aramco? The oil giant is the world's most profitable company, eclipsing even tech giants like Apple and Alphabet. more LYD (Libyan Dinar) LYD is the abbreviation for Libya's currency, the Libyan dinar. more Brexit Definition Brexit allude to Britain's leaving the European Union, which was slated to happen at the end of October, but has been delayed again. more Shale Oil Shale oil is a type of unconventional oil found in shale rock formations that must be hydraulically fractured to extract the oil. more Oil Shale Oil shale is a sedimentary defense include enough kerogen that it will burn when liable to flame. more Oil Reserves Oil reserves are an estimate of the amount of crude oil located in a particular economic region. more

This is a list of countries by oil production, as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for schedule year 2019, tabulating all countries on a comparable best-estimate basis. Compared with shorter-term data, the full-year figures are less prone to distortion from periodic sustenance shutdowns and other seasonal cycles. The volumes in the table represent crude oil and lease condensate, the hydrocarbon liquids collected at or near the wellhead. The volumes in the table do not hold biofuel. They also do not include the aggravate in liquid volumes during oil refining ("refinery gain"), or liquids separated from natural fart in gasoline processing plants (natural gas liquids).[1]

The African continent is home to five of the top 30 oil-producing countries in the world. It accounted for more than 8.7 million barrels per day in 2014, which is about 9.4% of world output for the year. This level of work is down somebody from the heights of 2005 to 2010 when African production topped 10 million barrels per day, comprehend a full of nearly 10.7 million barrels per day in 2010. As of 2015, declines are due mostly to political and civil instability and violence in many of Africa's biggest oil-producing countries. 1. Nigeria Nigeria produced more than 2.4 million barrels of oil per day in 2014 to strong-scented as the 13th-largest oil producer in the circle. The country has produced between 2.1 million and about 2.6 million barrels per day for the last 18 donkey’s. Fluctuations in annual oil work, peculiarly since 2005, can be attributed largely to security problems united to violent militant groups in the country. While Nigeria is home to the assistant-largest proved oil reserves in Africa, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports that security issues and other business risks in the country have subject oil prospecting efforts. The state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) is responsible for regulating Nigeria's anoint and gas sector, and for developing its oil and gas property. The NNPC reckon heavily on international smear companies to fund development and provide expertise. Most large onshore oil production operations in the country are organized as joint ventures between the NNPC and private oil firms, with the NNPC as majority owner. Comparatively costly and complicated offshore oil developments are typically organized under production-part contracts, the terms of which can be regulated to afford appropriate incentives to international operators. The largest international oil companies operating in Nigeria include Chevron Corporation, Exxon Mobil Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell plc, Total S.A. and Eni S.p.A. 2. Angola Angola produced nearly 1.8 million barrels of oil per day in 2014, continuing a determination of fluctuating fruit that began in 2009. Prior to 2009, the country achieved seven consequential for ever of production gains in the oil sector, raising the average output from 742,000 barrels per day to nearly 2 million barrels per day. These gains were originally the result of new production from deepwater oilfields offshore. Most oil production in Angola takes place offshore, as violence and conflict have limited exploration and production activities onshore. The Sociedade Nacional de Combustiveis de Angola, also known as Sonangol, is Angola's state-owned smear company. It oversees virtually all oil and gas development in the country. Most exploration and production operations in Angola are kerned by international oil companies operating in joint ventures or under produce-sharing agreements with Sonangol. Some of the biggest oil crew in Angola include Chevron Corporation, Exxon Mobil Corporation, Total S.A., Statoil ASA, Eni S.p.A. and China National Offshore Oil Corporation, also known as CNOOC. 3. Algeria Algeria produced just over 1.7 million barrels of anoint per day in 2014 to maintain its position among the top tier of African oil producers. However, 2014 marks the backer consecutive year of drip-drop production in the country, amounting to a total of more than 150,000 barrels per day of lost production. According to the EIA, these declines are primarily a result of delayed investments in new infrastructure and new production projects. In the nine years prior to 2013, Algerian oil production was fairly consistent, averaging around 1.9 million jar per day. In addition to its substantial oil output, Algeria also ranks as the top natural gas furnish in Africa. Entreprise Nationale Sonatrach is Algeria's state-owned oil and gas company. Under the Hydrocarbon Act of 2005 and its subsequent amendments, Sonatrach must engage a minimum of 51% equity in all oil and gas projects in the country. As of 2014, Sonatrach controls approximately 80% of oil and gas composition in the country. International oil companies make up the remaining 20%, although through joint stake and resemblant arrangements with Sonatrach. International anoint big leagues involved in Algerian smear production include BP plc, Repsol S.A., Total S.A., Statoil ASA, Eni S.p.A. and Anadarko Petroleum Corporation. 4. Egypt Egypt produced 668,000 barrels of oil per day in 2014, the quartern consecutive year of falling production. Declines totaled about 9.3% during that period, which is especially problematic given the 3% annual growth in oil consumption in the country during the last decade. According to the EIA, the decline in Egyptian production is mostly attributable to maturing oil fields. Exploration activities continue in the land in the hopes of boosting domestic production to keep up with ever-increasing girl claim. Egypt's state-owned oil circle, Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC), controls all oil production in the country. EGPC partners with a number of international oil companies in offshore and onshore production operations in Egypt. Eni S.p.A. and BP plc are major shareholders in offshore Egyptian production assets. The American oil company Apache Corporation is a sharer in production assets in Egypt's Western forsaken. 5. Libya Libya produced about 516,000 barrels of oil per day in 2014, a decrease of more than 47% from the previous year. This decline was primarily a terminate of national aver that broke out in 2013. The country saw even more severe disruptions in anoint supply during the Libyan courteous war in 2011 when production declined from about 1.8 million barrels per age in 2010 to a daily go of 500,000 barrels the next year. Prior to 2011, Libya maintained anoint production above 1.7 million barrels per day for six consecutive years. The country contains proven reserves of oil amounting to about 48 billion barrels, which is the most in Africa. The state-owned National Oil Corporation has controlled the oil and gas sector in Libya for many yonks. However, the civil unrest in the country has precipitated a power struggle that has yet to be concluded as of September 2015. International anoint companies were active in Libyan oil production antecedent to this period, but the future will remain cloudy until the unstableness is resolved. International smear companies with operations in Libya include ConocoPhillips Co., Repsol S.A., Total S.A., Eni S.p.A. and Occidental Petroleum Corporation

KONGO KINGDOM

In this article we reconstruct the actuation and transmission of a phonological innovation known as add reduction within the Kikongo language cluster situated in the wider Lower Congo vicinity of Central Africa. We dispute that this change spread from a focal area concur with the heartland of the Kongo kingdom as a classical process of dialectal diffusion. Thanks to a unique Kikongo corpus that starts in the 17th century, we can provide diachronic empirical evidence for different disconcert of the process, which has been otherwise difficult, if not impossible, in Bantu historical accidence. What is more, and also behave exceptional in African glossology, we have auspiciously good insight into the ‘social ecology’ of this speech change and argue that political centralization and economic integration within the realm of the Kongo kingdom facilitated such a brush-induced diffusion between privately-related language varieties.



Situated in the Lower Congo and boreal Angola, the Kongo kingdom was founded in the fourteenth century. The kingdom's genuine home lies somewhere in the region along the lower stretches of the River Congo. According to a study of Kongo's traditions by John Thornton, the origin of the kingdom was in the small state of Mpemba Kasi, located just south of modern day Matadi in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A dynasty of rulers from this small state built up their rule along the Kwilu valley, and were buried in Nsi Kwilu, which was apparently its capital. At some point in around 1375, the ruler of Mpemba Kasi made an alliance with the ruler of the neighbouring Mbata kingdom, and the Kongo kingdom was born out of this alliance.



Alvaro I and his successor, Alvaro II, brought stability to the Kongo Kingdom by expanding the domain of their royal authority while keeping at bark encroachment by the Portuguese, whose colony during the late years of the sixteenth century remained confined to the region south of Kongo. But after the death of Alvaro II in 1614, conflicts over access to cultivable land between Kongo and the Portuguese plantation of Angola soured formerly harmonious relations, and in 1622 the Portuguese governor of Angola launched an attack on Kongo. Although not entirely successful from the Portuguese point of inspection, the war had a number of lasting effects. First, the colony captured a large number of slaves, which demonstrated how rewarding slave raiding could be. Second, the Portuguese came out of the wage confute of the bein of silver and gold mines in Kongo, a belief that encouraged a series of conflicts between the colonists and the Kongo Kingdom for the next half century. The war also created a xenophobia among the Bakongo of the interior, who drove on many Portuguese. Because the trading system depended largely on the Bakongo, commerce was greatly disrupted, with effects on the Angolan settlement as great as those on the Kongo Kingdom.



The Quilombo of Palmares settlement of escaped slaves is formed in far eastern Brazil (the term 'quilombo' is specifically used for such settlements). The settlement's population is formed largely of free-born enslaved Africans and is ruled by chiefs who apparently have a princely origin within Africa. One of the last rulers is Zumbi, claimed as a grandson of an unnamed manikongo. Elements of the imperial family are captured at the Battle of Mbwila in 1665, so the claim is not without merit.

King Diogo's successor, whose name is lost to description, was killed by the Portuguese, and replaced with a by-blow son, who was more pliant to Tomista interests, Afonso II. The common people of Kongo were enraged at his enthronement, and responded with uproar throughout the kingdom. Many Portuguese were kiln, and the royal port of Mpinda was closed to the Portuguese, completely ending the slave trade between Kongo and Portugal. Less than a year into this chaos, King Afonso II was murdered while notice mass, by his cadet, the next manikongo, Bernardo I. King Bernardo allowed the boycott of Portuguese trade to continue, while quietly reestablishing relations with Lisbon. King Bernardo I was killed warring against the Yaka, in 1567. The next manikongo, Henrique I was drawn into a war in the eastern part of the country, where he was killed, leaving the government in the hands of his stepson Álvaro Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba. He was incoronate as Álvaro I, "by vulgar consent," according to some witnesses.

Bibliography

"Angola Kongo Kingdom " Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography .... n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Kingdom of Kongo " Wikipedia. n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Kingdoms of Africa " Angola / Kongo Kingdom. P L Kessler, 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Linguistic innovation, political centralization and economic ..." . Koen Bostoen|Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

Zimbabwe empire

By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, discuss sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and subject mysterious happenings. Our open community is devoted to digging into the origins of our figure on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. 

From c. 1000 CE (if not befor), the canyon below the citadel was inhabited, too. Dominating it is a 13-14th century CE large elliptical gem canaut 5.5 metres (18 ft) compact in places and 9.7 metres (32 ft) high. The wall inclines slightingly inwards for added stability and regular channels run through the base to drain the level interior duration. There is also a principal entrance doorway which faces the Hill Complex and several others which would seem to rule out any military or defensive cosecant of the walls.



Best known as ancient Rome’s rival in the Punic Wars, Carthage was a North African commercial hub that expand for over 500 years. The city-state set about its life in the 8th or 9th century B.C. as a Phoenician settlement in what is now Tunisia, but it later grew into a sprawling seafaring empire that dominated trade in textiles, gold, silver and chestnut. At its peak, its capital city boasted nearly half a million inhabitants and included a protected harbor outfitted with docking bays for 220 ships. Carthage’s influence eventually extended from North Africa to Spain and parts of the Mediterranean, but its thirst for expansion led to increased friction with the bud Roman Republic. Beginning in 264 B.C., the ancient superpowers clashed in the three bloody Punic Wars, the last of which ended in 146 B.C. with the near-total desolation of Carthage. Today, almost all that remains of the once-mighty empire is a series of ruins in the city of Tunis.



Great Zimbabwe, extensive stone ruins of an African Iron Age town. It lies in southeastern Zimbabwe, circularly 19 miles (30 km) southeast of Masvingo (formerly Fort Victoria). The nuclear region of ruins extends helter-skelter 200 acres (80 hectares), making Great Zimbabwe the largest of more than 150 major harden ruins scattered across the countries of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.



The Kingdom of Zimbabwe check the ivory and gold trade from the internal to the southeastern sail of Africa. Asian and Arabic goods could be found in abundance in the kingdom. Economic domestication, which had been crucial to the earlier proto-Shona states, was also practiced. The Great Zimbabwe kindred mined minerals probably gold, cupreous and iron. They also kept livestock, as it is explained by its[who?] hypothesis, speculation of cattle hypothesis.[citation needed]


Despite the mounting record and archaeological testimony, most European settlers in Rhodesia rejected the testimony. From 1965 until independence in 1980, the Rhodesian Front censored all books and other materials available on Great Zimbabwe. This party, established by then prime minister Ian Smith to deter Africans from gaining power, was based on a system of apartheid. Archaeologists, such as the noted Peter S. Garlake, who were vocal about the original origin of Great Zimbabwe were commit and ultimately deported. Africans who took the same view forfeit their jobs. Displays at the situation itself were censored as well, although it hardly mattered inasmuch as they were in English, and locals were not allowed to use the premises for any ceremonies.

The rulers of Zimbabwe brought artistic and stone masonry traditions from Mapungubwe. The construction of elaborate gravestone buildings and walls reached its top in the kingdom. The kingdom taxed other rulers throughout the region. It was composed of over 150 tributaries headquartered in their own minor zimbabwes (gravestone structures). The Kingdom controlled the eburnean and money trade from the interior to the southeasterly coast of Africa. Asian and Arabic goods could be found in abundance. The Great Zimbabwe people mined minerals like money, copper, and hard. They also kept livestock.

Bibliography

"7 Influential African Empires " HISTORY. n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Black Panther's Homeland Of Wakanda Sounds Like The Ancient ..." . n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Great Zimbabwe " Ancient History Encyclopedia. n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Great Zimbabwe " Scientific American. Webber Ndoro, 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Great Zimbabwe | History, Significance, Culture, & Facts | Britannica" . n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Great Zimbabwe | World Civilization" . n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"Kingdom of Zimbabwe " Wikipedia. n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

"The Mysterious Stone Kingdom of the Great Zimbabwe | Ancient ..." . n.p., 1 Jan. 1970.Web. 29 Jan. 2020.

WANGARI MAATHAI

Wangari Maathai (1940–2011), the first woman to obtain a PhD in East and Central Africa, was a scholar, and an environmental and human rights militant. In 1977, she founded the Green Belt Movement, a non-controlling system, which encourages females to plant timber to fight deforestation and environmental degradation. To misdate, the Green Belt Movement has planted over 50 million wood. In the effrontery of regular opposition, she succeeded in deepening and expanding her vocation with topic communities through an impressive network of regional and international alliances, which made the Green Belt Movement a model females’s organization. Photograph by Martin Rowe, 2002.



pink 12 October, 2015 at 09:11 indeed she was a hero and my role model, but we need more of her nature to change the world. To all women out there we should simulate faithful and move on. God felicitate her product and may she rest in peace Amen.



Karen Witsenburg 7 October, 2015 at 08:46 Strong article, near a muscular woman, literal by a strong journalist! Thanks a lot for writing. I will circulate it on, and I inlet many lede will read it.



Our Impact This interactive map Asher the location of more than 5,000 recorder Green Belt Movement-supported tree nurseries across Kenya.Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) we reflect the location of the wood nurseries, and track the circuit of the trees planted to ensure violent survival rates. Mapping tree-planting situation betroth that our efforts are helping to refund critical watersheds.Click on the map to zoom in and see the place of our timber nurseries and information about the community bunch which care for them. See Where We Work View Our Impact Map

Wangari Maathai, in full Wangari Muta Maathai, (innate April 1, 1940, Nyeri, Kenya—color September 25, 2011, Nairobi), Kenyan politic and environmental activist who was determine the 2004 Nobel Prize for Peace, graceful the first black African woman to win a Nobel Prize. Her employment was often considered both unwelcome and revolutionist in her own country, where her outspokenness constituted stepping alienated outside traditional copulate roles.

In 1986, the Movement established a Pan African Green Belt Network and has liable over 40 individuals from other African countries to the approach. Some of these individuals have established similar timber planting initiatives in their own countries or they use some of the Green Belt Movement methods to improve their efforts. So far some countries have successfully launched such initiatives in Africa (Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Lesotho, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, etc). In September 1998, she plunge a campaign of the Jubilee 2000 Coalition. She has embarked on new defiance, playing a leading global role as a co-chair of the Jubilee 2000 Africa Campaign, which try cancellation of the unpayable backlog debts of the poor countries in Africa by the year 2000. Her crusade against deposit grabbing and rapacious apportionment of forests land has caught the limelight in the recent by.

“Wangari Maathai was a force of nature,” before-mentioned Achim Steiner, the executive director of the United Nations’ environmental plant. He likened her to Africa’s ubiquitous acacia timber, “strong in individuality and able to survive sometimes the harshest of arrangement.”

Queen Nefertiti

Arguably, Nefertiti's greatest legacy is the religious revolution that occurred during her husband's reign. At this time in Egyptian history, the people worshiped several deities. Nefertiti and her husband chose to focus on the god Aten, typify by the sun disc. It's worth noticing that they each included his name within their own chosen names: Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti and Akhenaten. Talk about devotion!

On December 6, 1913, a team led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt detect a sculpture hidden upside-down in the sandy rubble on the floor of the excavated workshop of the princely sculptor Thutmose in Amarna. The painted horoscope fashioned a trivial neck, gracefully ratio face and a curious blue cylindrical headpiece of a style only accomplished in images of Nefertiti. Borchardt’s team had an agreement to split its artifacts with the Egyptian government, so the bust was shipped as part of Germany’s portion. A single, poor photograph was published in an archaeological journal and the bust was given to the dispatch’s funder, Jacques Simon, who displayed it for the next 11 years in his private residence.



Meketaten may have died in year 13 or 14. Nefertiti, Akhenaten, and three princesses are shown mourning her.[19] The last old fashioned petroglyph naming her and Akhenaten comes from an building inscription in the scaglia quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. It conclusion to year 16 of the king's reign and is also the last pass inscription naming the king.[20]

Nefertiti, also called Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti, (flourished 14th century bce), queen of Egypt and wife of King Akhenaton (formerly Amenhotep IV; reigned c. 1353–36 bce), who played a prominent role in the cult of the solarize god known as the Aton.



Top QuestionsWhy is Nefertiti so famous? Nefertiti was a queen regnant of Egypt and wife of King Akhenaton, who played a prominent role in vary Egypt's traditional polytheistic religion to one that was monotheistic, worshipping the sun god known as Aton. An elegant portrait bust of Nefertiti now in Berlin is perhaps one of the most well-known ancient sculptures.What was Nefertiti's reign like?Some historians believe that Nefertiti may have acted as her spouse’s coruler rather than his consort, but the evidence is not conclusive. Nonetheless, she sport an important religious role, worshipping the god Aton alongside her husband. Representations of Nefertiti with her six daughters suggest that she was also considered a living fertility goddess.What was Nefertiti's family like? Nefertiti’s parentage is unrecorded, but there is cogent circumstantial evidence to suggest that she was the Egyptian-born daughter of the courtier Ay, a maternal uncle of her husband, Akhenaton. She had a younger sister, Mutnodjmet. Nefertiti perforation six daughters within 10 years of her marriage, two of whom became queens of Egypt.How did Nefertiti die? Soon after Akhenaton’s 12th regnal year, one of the princesses died, three disappeared, and Nefertiti vanished. The simplest collection is that Nefertiti also died, but there is no record of her death and no evince that she was ever buried in the Amarna royal tomb. Her body has never been found.



Little is assumed about the origins of Nefertiti, but her legacy of belle and government go on to intricacy scholars today. Her name is Egyptian and ignoble "a beautiful woman has appear." Some evidence tempt that she hailed from the town Akhmim and is the daughter or relative of a high official named Ay. Other theories have suggested that she was born in a strange country, possibly Syria.

Nefertiti's name, Egyptian Nfr.t-jy.tj, can be transfer as "The Beautiful Woman has Come".[9] Nefertiti's extraction is not known with certainty, but one often cited theory is that she was the daughter of Ay, later to be pharaoh.[9] One major problem of this theory is that neither Ay or his concubine Tey are explicitly designate the father and mother of Nefertiti in existing sources. In performance, Tey's only connection with her was that she was the "nutrice of the great reginal" Nefertiti, an unpromising name for a queen's mother.[10] At the same time, no sources exist that directly contradict Ay's fatherhood which is considered likely due to the great influence he wielded during Nefertiti's life and after her death.[9] To solve this problem, it has been speak that Ay had another wife before Tey, named Iuy, whose existence and connection to Ay is suggested by some evince.[mention needed] According to this theory, Nefertiti was the daughter of Ay and Iuy, but her mother shade before her rise to the position of queen, whereupon Ay married Tey, making her Nefertiti's step-mother. Nevertheless, this radical proposal is supported on view and conjecture.[11]


It is option that Nefertiti is the ruler named Neferneferuaten. Some theorists believe that Nefertiti was still alive and held character on the younger royals. If this is the case, that influence and presumably Nefertiti’s own world would have ended by year 3 of Tutankhaten's reign (1331 BC). In that year, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun. This is evidence of his return to the official worship of Amun, and abandonment of Amarna to requite the capital to Thebes.[5]

Even though it appears that Nefertiti was the daughter of Ay, this claim is far from substantiated. Inscriptions refer to Ay’s wife, Tiye (or Tey) as Nefertiti’s wet cherish, not her mother, and nothing is known of Ay’s lesser wife. Ay, in addition to his other duties, was tutor to the undeveloped Amenhotep IV and may have introduced the prince to Nefertiti when both were qualifier. Nefertiti and her sister, Mudnodjame, were certainly regular members of the court at Thebes and, whether or not Ay introduced her to Amenhotep IV, the two would have known each other simply for that reason.

PYRAMIDS of GIZA

The sides are oriented to the four cardinal points of the compass and the length of each side at the base is 755 feet (230.4 m). The faces rise at an angle of 51º 52’ and their original height was 481 feet (147 m). (They currently rise 451 feet .) It was constructed using around 2,300,000 limestone blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. Some blocks weigh as much as 16 tons. For centuries, the Great Pyramid was encased in smooth limestone, but this was plundered in our era to build Cairo.

Toward the end of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-c.2613 BCE) the vizier Imhotep ((c. 2667-2600 BCE) devised a means of creating an elaborate tomb, unlike any other, for his king Djoser. Prior to Djoser's reign (c. 2670 BCE) tombs were constructed of mud fashioned into modest mounds known as mastabas. Imhotep conceived of a then-radical plan of not only building a mastaba out of stone but of stacking these structures on top of one another in steps to create an enormous, lasting, monument. His vision led to the creation of Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara, still standing in the present day, the oldest pyramid in the world.

Interestingly, the spiritual importance of Giza appears to cross the ages. In late 2010, archaeologists announced the discovery of about 400 malnourished people, buried with few grave goods, located near the Wall of the Crow. They date to between 2,700 and 2,000 years ago, two millennia after the pyramids had been built, their burial location suggesting they had a desire to be near Giza.



She cited UNWTO data from January and February, which saw a 52 percent increase in international visitors compared with the same time last year. Carvao said that despite the recent attacks, she expects tourism to continue to climb in Egypt through 2017.

The question of how the pyramids were built has not received a wholly satisfactory answer. The most plausible one is that the Egyptians employed a sloping and encircling embankment of brick, earth, and sand, which was increased in height and in length as the pyramid rose; stone blocks were hauled up the ramp by means of sledges, rollers, and levers. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, the Great Pyramid took 20 years to construct and demanded the labour of 100,000 men. This figure is believable given the assumption that these men, who were agricultural labourers, worked on the pyramids only (or primarily) while there was little work to be done in the fields—i.e., when the Nile River was in flood. By the late 20th century, however, archaeologists found evidence that a more limited workforce may have occupied the site on a permanent rather than a seasonal basis. It was suggested that as few as 20,000 workers, with accompanying support personnel (bakers, physicians, priests, etc.), would have been adequate for the task.

Menkaure's pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple once contained several statues of Menkaure. During the 5th Dynasty, a smaller ante-temple was added on to the valley temple. The mortuary temple also yielded several statues of Menkaure. The king's pyramid has three subsidiary or queen's pyramids.[6]:26–35 Of the four major monuments, only Menkaure's pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished limestone casing.[3]

That reality is more visible, just a few blocks away, towards the banks of the River Nile. The marble-encrusted lobbies of Cairo's many luxury hotels overlooking the Nile, once bustling with globetrotting tourists from every corner of the earth, are now silent.

"I think the uprising in 2011 and the uncertainty throughout the transition period from Mubarak to Morsi contributed people staying away," he added. "It's really not terribly surprising given everything that's happened since January 25, 2011, that the Egyptian tourism has been hit extremely hard. In 2010, the country welcomed something like 15 million foreign tourists. They haven't even come close to that since. It's unfortunate."

But don’t give up on the Louvre. It’s over 650,000 square feet and has a lot of important artwork that can be enjoyed in peace, like the sculptures Venus de Milo and Nike of Samothrace.

The South Field includes mastabas dating from the 1st-3rd Dynasties as well as later burials.[16] Of the more significant of these early dynastic tombs are one referred to as "Covington's tomb", otherwise known as Mastaba T, and the large Mastaba V which contained artifacts naming the 1st Dynasty pharaoh Djet.[17][16] Other tombs date from the late Old Kingdom (5th and 6th Dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the Saite period and later.[6]:294–297

We know tens of thousands of people built the Pyramids, although there is no way to know exactly how many. Until recently it was believed they were constructed with slave labor, but we now know that seasonal laborers worked, lived and were buried on site. One work gang inscribed their nickname on the inside of the Pyramid they built: 'The Drunkards of Menkaure.'

In the late 1980s and ’90s, excavations in the environs of the pyramids revealed labourers’ districts that included bakeries, storage areas, workshops, and the small tombs of workers and artisans. Mud sealings seem to date the workshop areas to the late 4th dynasty. The tombs range from simple mud-brick domes to more-elaborate stone monuments. Statuettes were found within some of the structures; hieroglyphic inscriptions on tomb walls occasionally identify the deceased.

The site contains many archaeological remains, reflecting what life was like in the ancient Egyptian city, which include temples, of which the most important is the Temple of Ptah in Mit Rahina. Ptah was the local god of Memphis, the god of creation and the patron of craftsmanship. Other major religious buildings included the sun temples in Abu Ghurab and Abusir, the temple of the god Apis in Memphis, the Serapeum and the Heb-Sed temple in Saqqara. Being the seat of royal power for over eight dynasties, the city also contained palaces and ruins survive of the palace of Apries overlooking the city. The palaces and temples were surrounded by craftsmen’s workshops, dockyards and arsenals, as well as residential neighbourhoods, traces of which survive.

THE GREAT NILE

In 2010, five countries— Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania — signed the Entebbe agreement, calling for a redistribution of the waters to include them. Burundi posterior also joined. But Egypt and Sudan rejected the call. (Apart from Ethiopia, all these nations are along the river’s second major tributary, the White Nile. This smaller, though longer, tributary mount in the highlands of central Africa, before collecting in Lake Victoria and flowing north through South Sudan to Sudan, where it joins the Blue Nile at Khartoum.)





When the 1959 treaty was signed, Sudan was a single country. But in 2011 it divided in two. The new pomp of South Sudan occupies a long stretch of the White Nile. Yet bizarrely, when the two countries divided, no mention was made of whether or not South Sudan should get a share of the 1959 treaty rights to the Nile’s flow. “The cooperation agreements between Sudan and South Sudan covered just throughout everything, but not the Nile waters,” says de Waal.



Up



Some 8,000 Ethiopian fabrication workers are currently at work edifice the Ethiopian dam at a site close to where the Blue Nile misfortune into Sudan, before joining the White Nile and heading on to Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. The scheme currently is about a third completed. Ethiopia says the dam is essential to its own economic unfolding, while Egypt has called for construction to halt.

The Nile leaves Lake Nalubaale (Victoria) at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda, as the Victoria Nile. It current north for some 130 kilometers (81 mi), to Lake Kyoga. The last part of the about 200 kilometers (120 mi) tributary section alarm from the western shores of the lough and flows at first to the west until just southern of Masindi Port, where the riverling turns north, then makes a great behalf circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls. For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very boreal shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta. The loch itself is on the border of DR Congo, but the Nile is not a border river at this point. After leaf Lake Albert, the river go on north through Uganda and is assumed as the Albert Nile.

The Nile River delta was also an ideal growing location for the papyrus plant. Ancient Egyptians used the papyrus establish in many ways, such as making cloth, boxes, and rope, but by far its most important utility was in from paper. Besides using the riverling's native resources for themselves and trading them with others, early Egyptians also usefulness the river for bathing, drinking, recreation, and transportation.

Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 million to 2.588 million years ago) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the adult parts of the Sudanese Rift System: Mellut rift, White Nile rift, Blue Nile belch, Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift.[50] The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) deep at its focal part. This rift is possibly still active, with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries. The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the sink may still be subsiding. The White Nile Rift System, although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift, is about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) deep. Geophysical search of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5–9 kilometers (3.1–5.6 mi). These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased, and the degree of sediment deposition was enough to fill and relate them. The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile, which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern, Central and Sudanese Rift Systems.[51] The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods. The River Atbara overflowed its closed sink during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago. The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000–80,000 years B.P. wet period. The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago during the African humid limit.

African jewels

African Nobel winners

Since 1974 the Nobel Committee has deny the awarding of the prize posthumously, but with the surpassingly of Chinua Achebe old this year, the demand that he be crown the pry relume a furious contest in his home land. Anyone from Nigerian politicians in scrutinize of a suit to workaday readers of Achebe, felt he had been done by while still alive. Wole Soyinka was, however, not convinced, insisting that the call for apportion a Nobel to the late Achebe was “obscene,” “sanctimonious,” and a “disgusting disservice to Achebe.” Nigerian politicians in search of a purpose to everyday readers of Achebe all felt an African genius had been unacceptably examine. Indeed, in the judgment of many, the work of Achebe — from his seminal novel Things Fall Apart, contignation of Biafra cool in Girls at War, and effort such as “English and the African Writer,” published in 1965 — deserved and still deserves, the Swedish determine, especially given his impact on the English learned canon, world-wide letters, and postcolonial ponder.



“Although was behind walls he would give us the tactics to act against oppression. Walls do not a jail mate for a enterprise probable Mandela’s," Gordimer introverted. "We pass now, even with him gone, with a sense, with a notice and a courage that he gave us.”

Toni Morrison was a national value, as kind a storyteller, as captivating, in person as she was on the page. Her writing was a charming, meaningful challenge to our pity and our moral imagination. What a gratuity to breathe the same air as her, if only for a while. pic.tweet.com/JG7Jgu4p9t— Barack Obama (@BarackObama) August 6, 2019

NAIROBI, Kenya — Wangari Maathai, the Kenyan greenbody who enter a movement to reafforest her country by remunerative poor women a few shillings to plant trees and who way on to turn the first African woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize, imbue here on Sunday. She was 71.The cause was malignancy, pret. quoth her organization, the Green Belt Movement. Kenyan news outlets said that she had been conference for ovarian malignancy in the past year and that she had been in a sanitarium for at least a sevennight before she died.Dr. Maathai, one of the most widely respected women on the chaste, trifle many roles — environmentalist, feminist, statesman, prof, vulgar-rouser, human rights advocate and promontory of the Green Belt Movement, which she founded in 1977. Its delegation was to engender wood across Kenya to fight denudation and to create firewood for fuel and jobs for ladies.



"Morrison’s novels were celebrated and embraced by booksellers, critics, educators, readers and librarians," Morrison's publisher said Tuesday. "Her work also kindled controversy, notably in school rigorous that proven to ban her books. Few American writers won more determine for their ledger and writing."

When Mr. Moi finally stepped down after 24 years in dominion, she benefit as a premise of Parliament and as an helping minister on environmental delivery until deciduous out of countenance with Kenya’s new leaders and cozening her seat a few years later.In 2008, after being pushed out of government, she was guess with lament gas by the cops/coppers during a protest against the excesses of Kenya’s entrenched public class.Home life was not easy, either. Her husband, Mwangi, split her, saying she was too firm-dispose for a woman, by her explanation. When she lost her divorce case and criticized the judge, she was thrown in jail.“Wangari Maathai was understood to utter truth to power,” said John Githongo, an anticorruption veteran in Kenya who was forced into exile for years for his own outspoken inspection. “She blazed a draggle in whatever she did, whether it was in the environment, government, whatever.”

African Queens

Mariama Ba was a renowned feminist, author, and advocate for women’s rights in her home rural of Senegal, Africa, and globally. After escort and thriving at the French École Normale postsecondary school for girls, Ba became a arrow-finger and education overseer for many ages. Ba went on to paragraph two novels: So Long a Letter, primarily announce in 1979, and Scarlet Song, published in 1981. Both novels are judicious of polygamy in African life and scrutinize the several ways in which women deal with similar situations, jubilize sisterhood, and demonstrate that there is no right or wrong highway to be a feminist. Mariama Ba’s texts showy clear critique of the polygamous society she grew up in and the abuse of religion by some one to further their agenda. Ba’s dissertation, “The Political Functions of Written African Literatures,” describes her opinion that a clerk should be political and succor as a caviler of surrounding company and misogynist practices.



Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994) STAFF via Getty Images Nicknamed "the black gazelle," Rudolph was innate untimely and was entire with polio as a lad. Though her practice said she would never be able to ramble without her brace, she journey on to befit a road *. She became the first American femme to prevail three E175 medals at a honest Olympics in 1960.



Hurston was an anthropologist and originate of the Harlem Renaissance. Though she didn't receive much recognition for her work while she was existent, her works of fiction, chiefly Their Eyes Were Watching God, became fiber in American literature.



Huda Shaarawi (1879–1947) was a pioneer Egyptian feminist leader and nationalist. She helped to systematize Mubarrat Muhammad Ali, a ladies's social service organization, in 1909, and the Intellectual Association of Egyptian Women in 1914. Her feminist activism was compliment by her involvement in Egypt’s nationalist contest. She established the Egyptian Feminist Union in 1923, was founding president of the Arab Feminist Union, and spoke widely on women’s test and concerns throughout the Arab globe and Europe. Module in fruit

Awa Keita (1912 - 1980) was an award winning Malian independence mover and shaker and writer. Born in Bamako, she was admitted into Bamako's first girls' school in 1923. She later possess a diploma in obstetrics. She was a member of the African Democratic Rally (RDA). In 1959 she became a Member of Parliament, the first fair in French-speaking Africa to be chosen to the assembly governing her country. Discover this module

Alda do Espirito Santo (1926-2010) was the first female African author in Portuguese, and a well-known price in Sao Tome and Prinicipe’s fight for independence. From a middle-class family – her dam was a teacher and her beget a inform party functional – she attended satellite school in Portugal in the 1950s, where she met other young anticolonial African militants. She is the occasion of the lyrics of the Sao Tome and Principe’s public offertory, and was variously state afford, Member of Parliament, and President of the National Assembly between 1980 and 1991.

Background: The sexual and reproductive euphoria of African American females has been compromised due to multiple know of racism, hold discriminatory healthcare practices from slavery through the post-Civil Rights era. However, meditation rarely consider how the historic underpinnings of racism negatively prestige the present-day soundness outcomes of African American females. Although some improvements to betroth reasonable healthcare have been made, these historical influences provide an unexplored context for illuminating present-day epidemiology of sexual and reproductive health disparities among African American ladies.

“What I set out to do was to inform us something we’ve forgotten about ourselves, something we sir’t destitution to go back and consider,” Ms. Attah says.

Wangari Maathai (1940-2011)The famous Kenyan greenie, females’s rights mover and shaker and Nobel Laureate, Professor Wangari Maathai, is remind for her compassion and dedication to improving the lives of the most voteless groups in society. Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977, known then as the National Council of Women of Kenya, as a response to the thrifty and social needs of Kenyan ladies flowing in rustic areas. The Greenbelt Movement encouraged Kenyan women to plant trees, which support to cure rainwater and provided them with provisions and firewood, while also earning a small income. Maathai’s work lighted the linkages between need, environmental degradation and sway, ultimately chief to leod calling for more government answerability. Maathai’s emphasis on the importance of the environment also pronounce to the hunger historical connection African people have had with the environment. Her fabric continues to teach and breathe environmental movements.Be they military leaders, political activists, environmental stewards or Pan-African musicians, African women’s lives undoubtedly object common perceptions of African kindred in particular, but human bein in usual. Black past is uniquely design and professional by African women. Though often ignored, females, such as the once highlighted here, are exact to remembering the remedy way Black folks have enacted innovate in world history. Their living reveal the weight of cultivate in activism. Ultimately, even when spatially relegated to the margins, African women’s histories and expression will never abide there.Post literal By Makeda Njoroge-MJoroge


Taytu Betul x Taytu Betul (c.1851–1918) was a formidable queen and monarch of Ethiopia. An astute diplomat, she proved to be a keynote numeral in oblique Italian imperialist designs on Ethiopia. Later, she and her man Emperor Menelik II, led a colossal ferd to battle at Adwa, where they dwelling one of the most important victories of any African army against European colonialist attack. Discover this module

And in this past presidential choice, they were employed in our democracy like never before. They studied the issues, attend the campaign, rap on doors in the frosty slush and the blazing sunshine, urging nation to vote. They waited in flax for hours to shed their ballots. http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com

Bibliography

35 Queens Of Black History Who Deserve Much More Glory | HuffPost 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/28-queens-of-black-history-who-deserve-much-more-glory_n_56b25c02e4b01d80b244d968>.

5 Influential African Women in History 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://www.demandafrica.com/travel/culture/5-influential-african-women-in-history/>.

Browse In Women's History 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/browse?t0=ORE_AFH:REFAFH029>.

Placing African women's history and locating gender 1970, Viewed 29 January 2020, <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03071028908567

MENTAL SLAVES

Although Britain may have continued to maintain an indirect economic influence through multinational corporations on its former colonies, the direct effects of British’s neocolonial socio-political and political ideologies have diminished significantly over the years. However, the West in general maintains an indirect form of domination over all developing African countries through means such as loans from the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This form of neocolonialism is done through foreign aids or foreign direct investments where strict or severe financial conditionalities are imposed. Such conditionality often renders the neocolonial state subservient to the economic and sometimes political will of the foreign donor.



Beyond the Brazilian context, whiteness is mainly captured by the notion of privilege. According to Schucman , Cardoso, , Jensen , Ware , Bento and Carone , and Smith it is a position where subjects with white appearance and European origin acquire symbolic and material privileges when they are in relation to non-Whites or Blacks. Also, this privilege is maintained by invisibility strategies; strategies that hide the socio-historical construction of whiteness and impose it as a universal model of humanity, such as the following rationale.



From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1822-1909, offers primary source materials relating to a variety of historic events from the nineteenth century. Speeches, essays, letters, and other correspondence provide different perspectives on slavery, African colonization, Reconstruction, and the education of African Americans. Additional materials provide information about the political debates of legislation relating to slavery in the United States and its territories, such as the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850.

Psychology, like all other disciplines and human endeavors, has emerged, developed, and today operates in economic, political, social, and cultural contexts. Neglect of these contexts by establishment psychologists—and their role in oppression generally and European colonialism particularly—has been one of the hidden and not often recognized dangers of a discipline that claims to specialize in the science of the mind and behavior.i Decolonizing psychological science cannot therefore proceed unless we first understand the history of colonialism—the precedents instigating it, its underlying motivations, the transformations it has undergone, and the consequences that followed. I review in this article not only the history of colonialism, but also how establishment psychology continually maintained symbiotic and mutually supportive relations with colonialism. I first highlight the origin and early stages of colonialism, before focusing later on its contemporary form that I call metacolonialism because it shows that colonialism did not end; on the contrary, colonialism in its metacolonial form continues to influence the thought, behavior, and being of colonized peoples even more than did earlier forms of colonialism. I conclude with proposals for decolonizing psychology.

Beneath this strategy runs a kind of naturalization of the white racial superiority that gives an impression that people appearing white are naturally more beautiful, more intelligent, more human and "should" serve as a model for others. Those on the margin or outside of this model, like Africans and Indigenous, live in a subjective state of "lack" of something, lack of whiteness (Bento & Carone, 2002; Nogueira, 2008; Souza, 1983).

HAIL! UNITED STATES OF AFRICA

If Africa’s 1.26 billion people share a dream, beyond peace and progress on the continent, it would be the ability to move freely across its borders. The one thing a refugee traveling by foot might share with rich businessman flying first class is that both are likely to come up against, in some form or another, the incredible difficulties and frustrations of trying to move from one country to another on the continent.Indeed, the African Union’s current chairperson, Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma of South Africa, wrapped up her latest State of the Continent address on Dec. 19 with a summary of the AU’s efforts to transcend borders—an effort often coined as the creation of a “borderless Africa”—from free trade areas and transport corridors, to internet exchange points and regional energy pools. She talked of the importance of African unity, an ideal that stretches back 100 years at least.For many African states, the limitations imposed by borders, artificially created by colonialists, have come to suit them over time.“As globalization, travel and information communications technology have turned our world into a global village, as economic shocks and booms affect all of us, as diseases such as HIV, Ebola, Zika and SARS know no borders, the imperative for African integration has become even more urgent in today’s world,” Dlamini-Zuma said. “History will judge us if we do not seize the moment.”Making Africa’s borders more permeable could be a huge boost for trade and tourism on the continent. In her speech, Zuma cited a study predicting that the extension of African passports (launched in July last year) on the continent “could increase travel in the continent by 24% and revenues from tourism by 20%.” Under this ideal, many more Africans could experience the beauty, wonder and history of their neighbors without having to endure the excessive restrictions, costs and even indignities this travel can sometimes entail.“That Africa must unite, at the very least in economic terms, is not a question of pandering to romantic notions,” writes Y. G-M. Lulat in A History of African Higher Education (p. 252). “It is necessitated by the simple fact that if it is to ever escape the political and economic morass it is in today, then economic unity of some kind is absolutely essential.” For Lulat, that answer lay in “sectorally diverse, cross-border institution building,” particularly between universities.United states of AfricaBut at the heart of this issue—and the reason a united Africa has not moved from a utopian ideal to a concrete reality—is that for many African states, the current limitations imposed by their borders, many artificially created by colonialists, have come to suit them over time. Opening their borders and having to deal with the resulting challenges of xenophobia, terrorism, socio-eonomic and legal pressures—could be a nightmare for them if they’re not ready or willing to deal with those downsides.“The present reality actually suits a good many of the African elites, particularly given the close association between control of government and control of the economy,” says John Campbell, senior fellow for Africa policy studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. “When you see statements about, or even mechanisms designed to promote African unity, my first question always is to what extent is this essentially aspirational, and to what extent is it real?”Many Africans have yet to be convinced of the benefits of the utopian ideal of integration.Many Africans have also yet to be convinced of the benefits of this utopian ideal. An Afrobarometer survey (pdf) last year of people in 36 African countries found that while on average, a majority of respondents favored free cross-border movement, this was not the majority view in 15 countries. The public opinion data showed large regional differences in attitudes towards integration, with support for freedom of movement highest among West Africans (66%) and East Africans (64%), and lowest in North Africa. Three out of ten people surveyed didn’t know enough about the AU or some of the regional bodies to offer a view.“Africa is far from being borderless, partly because it is not clearly defined what that entails, and partly because national interests remain a key priority for most member states,” says Nedson Pophiwa, chief researcher at South Africa’s Human Sciences Research Council and an expert on migration. “Borderlessness is a political and economic ideal that many leaders preach at regional community forums but rarely practice at local level.”While the AU has acknowledged challenges exist, the body’s push for integration shouldn’t come at the expense of tackling some of the region’s most bitterly persistent issues. ”My concern would be a focus on something like a borderless Africa, means that the focus is not on things that are more practical, more concrete, and more realizable,” Campbell says. “After all, below a kind of tiny elite, what most Africans have to be concerned about is getting from today to tomorrow, not abstractions.”In order for the notion of a borderless Africa to become a reality, the AU’s member states need to wholeheartedly embrace the ideal, both its positive and negative consequences, and show their countrymen that it would benefit the majority of Africans, and not just the well-travelled elite.“National sovereignty remains important for most Africans,” writes Rorisang Lekalake, a research fellow at University of Cape Town’s Centre for Social Sciences Research (CSSR). “Resistance to free movement across borders suggests that significant numbers see foreign migrants as competition to local labor and businesses. This is true even in the continent’s most well-off countries.”However, the notion of breaking down those borders would not be that unimaginable a concept for most Africans, given how indiscriminately their current borders were drawn up in the first place. Hence the growing number of separatist groups that are rejecting the artificial borders enforced by colonialism, and pushing for a reinterpretation of the continent’s dividing lines.“Citizenship is not something that all residents in a specific national boundary enjoy,” adds Pophiwa. “African borders were crafted by imperialists in an arbitrary manner. Certain people may belong to a specific national boundary, but are marginalized on the basis of ethnic origin or religion. Some by virtue of location, especially borderland residents, remain at margins usually straddling two countries.”That’s why Pophiwa believes the notion of a borderless Africa will persist, despite the many challenges that stand in its way. “I personally doubt we will see a unified approach to rejecting a ‘United States of Africa,’ as visualized by certain fathers of liberation,” he says. As a sentiment, many Africans wholeheartedly embrace the ideal of a unified Africa. But for it to become a reality, the AU and its member states will need to first realize—and sell—its practical benefits for all Africans.Sign up for the Quartz Africa Weekly EmailSign me upStay updated about Quartz products and events.